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Report finds lasting graduation rate gains at city’s small schools

The Bloomberg administration has long touted the small high schools it created as outperforming large schools closed to make way for them. But a new report finds, for the second time, that the schools also post higher graduation rates than other city schools that stayed open.

Being randomly selected to attend small high schools opened under the Bloomberg administration made students significantly more likely to graduate, even as the schools got older, according to the report, conducted by researchers at the nonprofit firm MDRC.

The researchers updated a 2010 study that examined “small schools of choice” that opened between 2002 and 2008 and did not select students based on their academic performance. Of the 123 schools that fit that bill, 105 had so many applicants that the schools selected among them randomly, through a lottery.

The lottery process enabled the researchers to compare what happened to two groups of students that started out statistically identical: those who were admitted to the small schools and those who lost the lotteries and wound up in older, larger schools. That type of comparison is considered the “gold standard” in education research.

The original study found that the small high schools had positive effects on their students — but it looked only at the schools’ very first enrollees. The new report looks at those students in the fifth year after they enrolled and also at the second set of students who enrolled at the schools.

It finds that the higher graduation rate — 67.9 percent, compared to 59.3 percent for students who were not admitted — continued for the second group of students who enrolled and cut across all groups of students, regardless of their race, gender, family income, or academic skills upon enrollment. Students at the small schools were also more likely to meet the state’s college readiness standards in English, though not in math.

“Small schools for a variety of reasons, I always felt, were going to succeed in certain ways,” said Richard Kahan, the head of Urban Assembly, a nonprofit that started a handful of schools included in the study. “But I would not have predicted the impact.”

Together, the 105 small schools served more than 20,000 students when studied and will ultimately enroll about 45,000 students every year — a number, the report notes, that rivals the high school enrollment of all but a handful of school districts across the country.

The report is part of a series funded by the Gates Foundation, which put $150 before ending its small-schools giving in 2008, citing lackluster college readiness rates. The new report does not track students into college to see whether they succeeded or even remained enrolled. But it does find that the graduation rate boost for the first two cohorts of students in the city’s small schools was driven largely by receipt of Regents diplomas, considered more rigorous than the local diploma option that is being phased out.

The report does not conclude that it was size alone that made a difference for the small schools. Instead, it suggests, the schools shared specific design elements that might have driven their impact on students.

“New York City’s [small schools] were developed through a demanding proposal process that was designed to ensure specified conditions and to stimulate innovative ideas from a range of stakeholders and institutions,” the report notes.

That process is no longer in use, although the city’s current new schools proposal process shares some characteristics and approaches.

Robert Hughes, the CEO of New Visions, a group that started about 60 of the schools in the study and now works to support a range of schools, said some efforts were underway to identify just what it was that led to the higher graduation rates at the small schools.

“We’re constantly trying to take what we’ve learned in these schools and push it out and conversely try to learn from all schools,” Hughes said.

MDRC will continue to produce reports chronicling the small schools’ impact and will turn its attention next to looking for distinctions among the small schools, according to the report. One open question is whether a change in city policy, to require the schools to admit students with special needs and English language learners from the start, affected the schools’ impact on students. The schools were not required to admit those students to the cohorts the new report examined.

MDRC’s complete report is below.

  • Michael Fiorillo

    In the grand MSM tradition of serving largely as a stenographic service for ruling class premises and narratives, this article waits until the last paragraph to inform readers of the real reason why these schools purport to graduate more students: they were explicitly allowed to refuse enrollment to the neediest students, who were then funneled into neighborhood high schools targeted for reorganization/turnaround/closing.

    There is another simple explanation for why the small schools graduate higher percentages of students: they have a far larger percentage of newer, untenured teachers who are forced to pass unprepared students. All teachers are currently under explicit pressure from principals to pass almost everyone; after all, students’ failure can only be attributable to bad teaching, right? That, combined with the credit recovery scams that Tweed employs, keeps kids flowing through the system, where they later back up in CUNY remedial programs.Having been funded by the Microsoft Foundation, this study is a last-ditch effort to polish their destructive record of closing neighborhood high schools and replacing them with administration-heavy boutiques that filter out the highest needs students. Once Tweed has killed off the remaining neighborhood high schools, it will then target these schools for closing and charterization.

  • Vote NO!

    “MDRC will continue to produce reports chronicling the small schools’
    impact and will turn its attention next to looking for distinctions
    among the small schools, according to the report. One open question is
    whether a change in city policy, to require the schools to admit
    students with special needs and English language learners from the
    start, had an impact on the schools’ performance. The schools were not
    required to admit those students in the cohorts the new report examined.”

    That  is  the  reason  for  the  disparity. People  were  actually  paid  to  do  “research”  knowing  the small  schools  had  fewer  high  needs  students  in  the  cohort?  Maybe  they  can  do  a  study  on ” how  the  streets  get  wet  when  it  rains?”

     The  small  schools  tell  the  high  needs  students. “Sorry,  we’re  too  small  to  offer  the  services  you’re  entitled  to.”  So  a  disproportionate  number  of  those  students  end  up  in  the  large,  comprehensive  high  schools.  This  Gates  funded  study  is  just  more  education  reform  propaganda.   We’ve  been  through  this  debate  before. 

    See  Rachel  Monohan’s  article  form  10/27/11  in  the  Daily  News.  It  stated  that  the  “college  readiness”  levels  of  small  schools  were  actually  lower  than  the  large  high  schools.

  • Tim

    I’m confused by Philissa’s last paragraph after reading Winnie Hu’s piece in the Times — did these schools have to educate comparable numbers of ELL/special ed students, or didn’t they?

    Even if the question of whether the small schools are more successful than large is a little more settled today, I find it hard to square the small-schools movement with the “Civil Rights issue of our times” rhetoric. What does it say to poor minority kids that they can’t go to the big comprehensive high schools — with sports teams, clubs, rich course offerings, real facilities, etc. — that everyone else gets to attend?

  • NYCParent

    “did these schools have to educate comparable numbers of ELL/special ed students, or didn’t they?”
    No they did not.  Not only that, but students were not allowed to transfer out of these schools if they didn’t like them, making those first cohorts truly “captive.”

  • http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100002397245457 Mary Conway-Spiegel

    Exactly: Tim, Vote and Michael.  
    One thing I find interesting… no one seems curious about/interested in building on these schools/these ground breaking successes.  Parents rush to successful small schools, move into the neighborhood, lay down roots/make huge commuting commitments and then expect:  DOE will want to expand Successful-Small-School A to include a Middle School – Not Happening.  Parents expect there to be room for siblings and/or siblings in need of services.  Parents get frustrated with overcrowded classrooms and lack of accessibility to shared resources in these “Campuses.”Multiple small schools in one building may work on paper (and I’m glad the numbers are positive), but there are HUGE problems going on inside these “Campuses” that are characterized as whining and glossed over because, “…building counsels deal with those issues.”

  • http://pissedoffteeacher.blogspot.com pissedoffteacher

    I’d like to know how these students are doing in college.  With 78% of incoming CUNY students needing remediation, I’d say the graduation rate means nothing.

  • nuff said

    So 105 schools serve 20,000 students or about  200 kids per school so that’s  50 per graduating class. Obviously class sizes are small and that matters–just a thought

  • nuff said

    Isn’t it amazing what small class sizes, modern technology, new classrooms and full funding and support can accomplish. —-just saying

  • Ken Hirsh

    From the Times coverage:
    “Gordon Berlin, president of MDRC, said the lottery process ensured that there were comparable numbers of special education students and English-language learners represented in both groups of students being tracked. He said attendance records for the students prior to high school were also comparable, and would not have affected the results.”

    I think the point you are referring to in your comment doesn’t bias the results in the most obvious way, i.e. the kids that went to the small schools were different than the kids that didn’t.  However, it could create a “peer effect”, i.e. it might be easier to learn in schools that have fewer students with special needs and ELL’s.  This is a similar, and fair, point as has been made against gold-standard studies on charter schools, which also suggest charter school superiority but can’t account for peer effects.

  • David

    It is easy to raise graduation rates.  Just pass all the students.  The most interesting number given in the study was the lack of difference in the math regents scores.  That is the one measure that cannot be appreciably fudged by the schools.  English regents scores are subject to inflated essay scores.  It has been well documented that teachers in small high schools have been pressured to pass students.  This study shows the effects of this practice.

  • Guest

    These schools got to hire staff aligned to mission. And they were able to avoid the real doozy teachers who ended up in atr pool

  • Guest

    As for math the old big schools had many levels of math. The smaller had all kids in same math level. It is much harder to teach that way and it was hard to find math teachers up to that challenge.

    Also those schools had themes and project based learning may improve writing but it doesn’t work well for math.

  • Ubayed Muhith

    The only reason that the smaller schools do better is because they select certain kids they know will perform well and filter out the struggling kids who mind end up making the school look bad. The struggling kids end up going to larger high schools that are required to take anybody and also have diminished funding .Thus, they end up on the chopping block for closure after being deemed a “failure”.

  • http://twitter.com/leoniehaimson leonie haimson

    These are not really randomized lotteries; and the admissions process could be and was manipulated by many principals.  Thus they do not really adhere to the “gold standard”  (unlike the STAR study on class size which was a real randomized experiment, and proved the significant impact of class size reduction.)  Moreover there are many other things wrong with this study, that I point out here:

    http://nycpublicschoolparents.blogspot.com/2012/01/14.html

    And I’m amazed — they say they are just beginning to examine what supposedly made these schools work?  what took them so long?  And will they explicitly forbid the researchers to look at the impact of class size, as the earlier Gates-funded research studies did?

  • Been There

    I’m sure it had nothing to do with scrubbing Regents exams or pressuring teachers to increase their passing rates. I wish Mr. Hughes great success in his quest to uncover this great mystery.

  • Vote NO!

    Ken,

    ” The schools were not required to admit those students in the cohorts the new report examined.”

    I’ve  witnessed  it  as  well.  The  schools are  small  and  do   do  not  have  the  staff  to  service  kids  with  learning  disabilities.
     
    It’s  not  that  difficult  to  understand.  I  would  view   research   funded  by  the  Gates  foundation  with  a  lot  of  skepticism.  If  you  are  not  in  the  school  system,  you  don’t  witness  the  reality.

  • Public School Parent

    Please. Another “study” “supporting” Bloomberg’s “innovations”. And the test scores went up during his administration, the check is in the mail, and it’s not me, it’s you. Right. 

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